Industrial employment expansion under alternative development strategies

The general consensus in recent literature on development economics is that outward-looking strategies are likely to create more employment opportunities in labour abundant countries than inward-looking strategies. The reasons generally given to support this contention are (i) that inward-looking strategy limits the scope for structural change into relatively labour-intensive branches and (ii) that policies associated with inward-looking strategy tend to distort factor prices thereby giving incentive to the adoption of relatively capital-intensive techniques of production. This paper develops an identity which delineates the components of industrial employment expansion into effects of: (i) productivity change, (ii) capital accumulation and (iii) change in the composition of manufacturing. Applying this identity to India and Taiwan, two countries that have taken very different paths towards economic development, provides some insight into the source of employment expansion and its stringent limitations under alternative development strategies.

A notion of graph likelihood and an infinite monkey theorem

We play with a graph-theoretic analogue of the folklore infinite monkey theorem. We define a notion of graph likelihood as the probability that a given graph is constructed by a monkey in a number of time steps equal to the number of vertices. We present an algorithm to compute this graph invariant and closed formulas for some infinite classes. We have to leave the computational complexity of the likelihood as an open problem.Comment: 6 pages, 1 EPS figur

A time frequency analysis of wave packet fractional revivals

We show that the time frequency analysis of the autocorrelation function is, in many ways, a more appropriate tool to resolve fractional revivals of a wave packet than the usual time domain analysis. This advantage is crucial in reconstructing the initial state of the wave packet when its coherent structure is short-lived and decays before it is fully revived. Our calculations are based on the model example of fractional revivals in a Rydberg wave packet of circular states. We end by providing an analytical investigation which fully agrees with our numerical observations on the utility of time-frequency analysis in the study of wave packet fractional revivals.Comment: 9 pages, 4 figure

On the Origin of the Third Ionospheric Echo

There is still some difference of opinion regarding the ray, ordinary or extraordinary, to which the so-called third or Z-component of the ionospheric echoes correspond, It is pointed out in the paper that there need be no controversy on the subject because, as first clearly shown by Bhar, the branch of the dispersion curve which passes through the ''point'' of reflection of the Z-component is really an ordinary branch. Calculations arc further carried out to determine the retardation that the extraordinary ray would suffer, if it were able to partially penetrate its first point of reflection, in its passage into regions of higher electronic densities. It is found that the retardation on reaching the asymptote of the dispersion curve would become infinite, so that, the extraordinary ray, under no circumstances, is able to penetrate the barrier, One is thus forced to the alternative that it is the ordinary ray which provides the Z-component in the ionospheric echo pattern

Employment and growth potentials of rural industries, small-scale industries and medium and large-scale industries in India

While small-scale industries have not gone unnoticed in India's Industrial Policy Resolutions, in practice it is largely the large and medium-scale industries which have set the pace of industrialization in the country. Recently, the wisdom of the prevailing pattern of industrial growth has come increasingly under criticism. The reasons for dissatisfaction with large and medium-sized industries are many, the principal ones being the very limited impact these industries have had on the serious problems of unemployment, income distribution and regional disparities. It is being felt, in other words, that the prevailing approach towards industrialization is not truly development oriented when seen in the perspective of both economic growth and the general unemployment situation of the country. It seems, however, the pendulum is now swinging in the opposite direction; according to the current thinking of the Indian government - if the sporadic proclamations are any guide to it - the emphasis in industrial policy ought now to shift away from the large towards small-scale and rural industries. It must be stressed that this paper is purely exploratory in nature, its main purpose being to illustrate, apart from the orders of magnitude involved, a) whether, in some sense, a conflict exists between the goal of maximising employment and that of maximising the growth of output in Indian manufacturing when seen in a three sectoral framework; and, b) in which sector the potentials for economic growth and employment are likely to be the greatest.

Increased signaling entropy in cancer requires the scale-free property of protein interaction networks

One of the key characteristics of cancer cells is an increased phenotypic plasticity, driven by underlying genetic and epigenetic perturbations. However, at a systems-level it is unclear how these perturbations give rise to the observed increased plasticity. Elucidating such systems-level principles is key for an improved understanding of cancer. Recently, it has been shown that signaling entropy, an overall measure of signaling pathway promiscuity, and computable from integrating a sample's gene expression profile with a protein interaction network, correlates with phenotypic plasticity and is increased in cancer compared to normal tissue. Here we develop a computational framework for studying the effects of network perturbations on signaling entropy. We demonstrate that the increased signaling entropy of cancer is driven by two factors: (i) the scale-free (or near scale-free) topology of the interaction network, and (ii) a subtle positive correlation between differential gene expression and node connectivity. Indeed, we show that if protein interaction networks were random graphs, described by Poisson degree distributions, that cancer would generally not exhibit an increased signaling entropy. In summary, this work exposes a deep connection between cancer, signaling entropy and interaction network topology.Comment: 20 pages, 5 figures. In Press in Sci Rep 201